{"id":29450,"date":"2026-09-29T21:37:32","date_gmt":"2026-09-29T18:07:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/?p=29450"},"modified":"2026-09-29T22:38:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-29T19:08:24","slug":"ammonia-refrigeration-pump","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/ammonia-refrigeration-pump\/","title":{"rendered":"Ammonia Refrigeration Pump"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"29450\" class=\"elementor elementor-29450\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7847472 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7847472\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b784de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b784de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Ammonia Refrigeration Pump: Complete Guide to Operation, Selection and Troubleshooting<\/h1><p>In small industrial and commercial <a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/cold-room\/\">cold-storage<\/a> systems, particularly systems using fluorinated refrigerants, an expansion valve generally controls and feeds refrigerant directly into the evaporator. Large ammonia refrigeration systems, however, often use a liquid overfeed or recirculation arrangement because a direct-expansion configuration may not meet the cooling requirements of a large industrial installation.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-1-1.webp\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-29457 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-1-1.webp\" alt=\"Cutaway section of a Hermetic refrigerant canned motor pump showing internal rotor and impeller components\" width=\"820\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-1-1.webp 820w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-1-1-300x146.webp 300w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-1-1-768x375.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>The ammonia refrigeration pump draws liquid refrigerant from the liquid separator and circulates it to the evaporators at a flow rate several times higher than the evaporation rate. This arrangement improves heat transfer and helps maintain uniform refrigerant coverage across the evaporator surfaces. Because a pump failure can interrupt refrigerant circulation across the system, understanding pump operation, selection, troubleshooting and cavitation prevention is essential for refrigeration designers and technical managers.<\/p><h2>What Is the Role of an Ammonia Pump in a Refrigeration System?<\/h2><p>To understand the role of an ammonia refrigerant pump, it is useful to compare two common refrigeration arrangements: Direct Expansion (DX) and Liquid Overfeed.<\/p><h2>DX vs. Liquid Overfeed Ammonia Refrigeration<\/h2><ul><li>Direct Expansion (DX): Liquid refrigerant leaving the condenser or liquid receiver passes through an expansion valve, experiences a pressure drop, and enters the evaporator directly. As the refrigerant travels through the evaporator tubing, it progressively evaporates and returns to the compressor as superheated vapor.<\/li><li>Liquid Overfeed: In an industrial ammonia system, refrigerant first enters a low-pressure liquid separator. The ammonia pump draws cold liquid refrigerant from the separator and circulates it through the evaporators at an overfeed ratio commonly described in the source as 1:3 to 1:5. The evaporator outlet returns a liquid-vapor mixture to the separator; vapor travels to the compressor while unevaporated liquid returns to the pump circuit.<\/li><\/ul><h2>Technical and Economic Benefits of Liquid Overfeed Ammonia Refrigeration<\/h2><ul><li>Maximum heat transfer: Extra liquid keeps the internal evaporator surfaces thoroughly wetted and increases the heat-transfer capability.<\/li><li>Higher coefficient of performance (COP): The source indicates that the fully wetted evaporator can allow a higher evaporation temperature and may reduce compressor power, with a reported 10\u201315% increase in overall COP.<\/li><li>Uniform temperature distribution: Large storage rooms and rapid-freezing tunnels can maintain more consistent evaporator surface temperatures and reduce temperature fluctuation caused by refrigerant distribution.<\/li><li>Compressor protection: Because the compressor suction line is connected above the liquid separator, the arrangement reduces the risk of liquid slugging reaching the compressor.<\/li><\/ul><h2>Types of Ammonia Refrigeration Pumps: Structural and Application Comparison<\/h2><p>Pump selection affects project suitability, machinery-room safety and maintenance requirements. The source divides ammonia pumps into two main categories: canned motor pumps and mechanical-seal pumps.<\/p><h3>1. Canned Motor Pump (Hermetic Ammonia Pump)<\/h3><p>Canned motor pumps are widely used for ammonia refrigeration because the pump hydraulics and motor stator are contained within an integrated, hermetically sealed metal housing.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-2-1.webp\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-29453 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-2-1.webp\" alt=\"Hermetic refrigerant pump side view for industrial ammonia and Freon circulation systems\" width=\"820\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-2-1.webp 820w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-2-1-300x146.webp 300w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-2-1-768x375.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/a><\/p><ul><li>Construction: No external mechanical seal, coupling or externally lubricated bearing arrangement is required. The ammonia refrigerant provides cooling for the motor and lubrication for internal graphite bearings.<\/li><li>Very low external-leak risk: There is no rotating shaft extending through the housing.<\/li><li>Low maintenance: Eliminating wear components such as an external mechanical seal can reduce routine maintenance requirements.<\/li><li>Low-temperature capability: The source specifies operation at temperatures down to approximately \u221250\u00b0C for suitable models.<\/li><li>Examples mentioned in the source include HERMETIC Pumpen CAM and CNF series and TH. Witt HRP series.<\/li><\/ul><h3>2. Mechanical-Seal Ammonia Pump<\/h3><p>Mechanical-seal pumps use a more traditional arrangement in which a standard electric motor is coupled to the pump shaft. A mechanical seal is used to prevent refrigerant from escaping around the rotating shaft.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-3-1.webp\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-29458 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-3-1.webp\" alt=\"Cross-sectional diagram of WITT HRP hermetic refrigerant pump showing internal flow path and bearings\" width=\"820\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-3-1.webp 820w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-3-1-300x146.webp 300w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-3-1-768x375.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/a><\/p><ul><li>Construction: The shaft exits the pump housing and requires mechanical sealing, often using a double mechanical seal or an intermediate liquid arrangement for leakage control.<\/li><li>Ammonia-leak risk: Because ammonia is toxic and highly penetrating, mechanical-seal wear or failure can result in refrigerant release into the machinery room.<\/li><li>Ongoing maintenance: Mechanical seals are wear components and require periodic inspection and replacement.<\/li><li>Current application: The source describes these pumps as more common in older projects and states that hermetic designs may be preferred during modernization and overhaul work.<\/li><\/ul><h2>Hermetic vs. Mechanical-Seal Ammonia Pumps<\/h2>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n wdtscroll\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-171\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"8\"\n           data-wpID=\"171\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-bold wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:354px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Mechanical-Seal Pump\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-bold wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:329px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Hermetic \/ Canned Motor Pump\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-bold wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:308px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Comparison Factor\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Medium to low; seal failure can create a leakage risk\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Very high; sealed construction minimizes external leakage\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Safety level\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Regular inspection and seal replacement\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Minimal routine maintenance requirement\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Maintenance\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Medium\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Very high\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Reliability\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Lower\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Higher\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Initial capital cost\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"5\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Greater limitations at very low temperatures\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"5\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Suitable models can operate down to about \u221250\u00b0C\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"5\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Operating temperature\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"6\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Older systems \/ less demanding transfer applications\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"6\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Modern ammonia refrigeration projects\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"6\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Typical application\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"7\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Cornell CB, TH. Witt\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"7\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  HERMETIC, Cornell HT, TH. Witt\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"7\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Brands mentioned in source\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-171'>\n.wpdt-c.wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable {\r\n    direction: rtl;\r\n}.wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 { background-color: #E9E9E9 !important;}\n.wpdt-fs-000013 { font-size: 13px !important;}\n.wpdt-ff-000000 { font-family: inherit !important;}\n<\/style>\n<h2>Ammonia Refrigeration Pump Selection Parameters<\/h2><p>Selecting an ammonia refrigeration pump requires careful thermodynamic and hydraulic calculations. An error in pump head or NPSH calculations can cause refrigerant flashing, cavitation and rapid impeller damage. The following parameters should be evaluated by the system designer.<\/p><h3>1. Calculate the Required Refrigerant Flow Rate<\/h3><p>Pump flow is directly related to the refrigeration capacity and the selected overfeed ratio. First determine the refrigerant mass flow required to meet the cooling load, then apply the overfeed factor.<\/p><ul><li>Example: For a system with a 500 kW cooling load and a 1:4 overfeed ratio, the pump must circulate four times the amount of refrigerant that evaporates in the evaporator.<\/li><\/ul><h3>2. Calculate Total Dynamic Head<\/h3><p>Ammonia pump head is commonly expressed as metres of liquid column and consists of several components:<\/p><ul><li>Static elevation: The vertical distance between the liquid level in the ammonia separator and the highest point of the evaporator.<\/li><li>Piping pressure drop: Friction losses through pipes, elbows, valves and filters.<\/li><li>Evaporator and nozzle pressure drop: Internal evaporator pressure losses and losses across control devices.<\/li><li>The source gives a typical working-head range of approximately 15\u201345 m of liquid column.<\/li><\/ul><h3>3. Check NPSH and Prevent Cavitation<\/h3><p>Cavitation is a major hydraulic failure mode in ammonia refrigerant pumps. Because ammonia in the separator may be near its boiling point and in a saturated condition, even a small pressure drop in the suction line can cause the liquid to flash and form vapor bubbles.<\/p><ul><li>The available net positive suction head (NPSHa) should remain greater than the pump&#8217;s required NPSH (NPSHr). The source recommends positioning the ammonia separator above the pump inlet, typically by about 1.5\u20133 m, to support adequate suction conditions.<\/li><\/ul><h3>4. Verify the Operating Temperature Range<\/h3><p>R717 ammonia can operate at very low evaporating temperatures. The selected hermetic or mechanical pump must be rated for the actual design temperature; the source specifies suitable construction for temperatures down to approximately \u221250\u00b0C.<\/p><h3>5. Check Material Compatibility with Ammonia<\/h3><p>The source states that ammonia is strongly corrosive to materials such as copper, brass and zinc. It recommends compatible materials such as stainless steel or ductile iron for pump components, subject to the actual equipment manufacturer&#8217;s specifications and the applicable engineering standard.<\/p><h2>Reference Standards and Pump-Selection Tools<\/h2><p>The source recommends that system calculations and equipment layout follow the applicable IIAR guidance and mentions IIAR Bulletin 107 as a reference. It also points to manufacturer selection tools, including HERMETIC Pumpen&#8217;s design tools, as aids to pump selection.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7858e1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a7858e1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1374cac e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1374cac\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-57a5caf elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"57a5caf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Witt-1-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Catalog Witt1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a166a52 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a166a52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Witt-2-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Catalog Witt2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ceba185 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ceba185\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f6853c elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7f6853c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-1-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Catalog Hermetic1<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7d0c7e7 elementor-align-center elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7d0c7e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-2-1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Catalog Hermetic2<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f4756e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7f4756e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7776d75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7776d75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Oil Separator: An Important Part of an Ammonia Pumping System<\/h2><p>Mineral compressor oil is not miscible with liquid ammonia. Oil leaving the compressor can therefore travel through the refrigeration circuit as droplets or suspended particles. This makes oil separation important for protecting the pump and preserving evaporator heat transfer.<\/p><ul><li>Separation mechanism: As the oil-containing flow enters the separator and velocity decreases, the higher-density oil settles and collects in the lower oil-separator section.<\/li><li>Pump and heat-transfer protection: If oil enters the pump suction and reaches the evaporator, it can form a film on internal surfaces and reduce heat transfer. The pump should therefore draw clean liquid refrigerant from the appropriate part of the separator.<\/li><li>Oil-drain indication: The source describes frost on the oil-separator vessel as a normal operating indication and states that loss of frost on part of the vessel may indicate that oil has displaced a significant volume of refrigerant. Oil removal must follow the system&#8217;s safety procedure.<\/li><\/ul><p><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-5-1.webp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-29459 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-5-1.webp\" alt=\"WITT HRP canned motor hermetic refrigerant pump for leak-free ammonia and CO2 refrigeration systems\" width=\"820\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-5-1.webp 820w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-5-1-300x146.webp 300w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/witt-5-1-768x375.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/a><\/p><h2>Ammonia Refrigeration Pump Troubleshooting<\/h2><p>Continuous monitoring of pump operating conditions is important for preventing refrigeration-system downtime and costly damage. The table below translates the source troubleshooting matrix into standard English technical terminology.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n wdtscroll\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-172\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"9\"\n           data-wpID=\"172\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-bold wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:354px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Recommended Action\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-bold wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:329px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Possible Cause\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-bold wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:308px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Observed Symptom\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Check the electrical panel, test the contactor and measure\n  incoming current.\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Power interruption, contactor trip or power-circuit fuse fault\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Pump will not start\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Check separator liquid level, vent the line as required and\n  verify the discharge path.\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Cavitation or stuck check valve\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Pump runs but has no flow\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Measure pump inlet pressure and reassess suction\/NPSH conditions.\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Cavitation or impeller imbalance \/ damage\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Abnormal vibration and noise\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Check the bypass path and minimum-flow circulation.\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Operation below the minimum permitted flow\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Pump body temperature is high (hermetic)\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"5\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Stop the pump, isolate the circuit and clean the strainer.\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"5\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Blocked inlet filter \/ strainer\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"5\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Severe drop in pump differential pressure\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"6\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Repair or replace the mechanical seal, isolate the circuit and\n  ventilate the machinery room.\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"6\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Mechanical-seal wear or damage on open-type pumps\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"6\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Refrigerant leakage from the pump\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"7\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Adjust service valves and verify pump flow and head.\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"7\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Incorrect overfeed ratio or insufficient pump flow\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"7\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Cold room does not reach the target temperature\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"8\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Vent trapped sections and remove trapped gases before start-up\n  according to the system procedure.\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"8\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Liquid trapping\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"8\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Piping shock after start-up\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-172'>\n.wpdt-c.wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable {\r\n    direction: rtl;\r\n}.wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 { background-color: #E9E9E9 !important;}\n.wpdt-fs-000013 { font-size: 13px !important;}\n.wpdt-ff-000000 { font-family: inherit !important;}\n<\/style>\n<h2>How to Distinguish Cavitation from Electromechanical Pump Faults<\/h2><p>A common troubleshooting mistake is confusing cavitation noise with bearing wear or motor-related faults.<\/p><ul><li>Cavitation: Often sounds like gravel or sand moving inside the pump casing and may be accompanied by strong fluctuations in discharge differential pressure. Possible causes include inadequate refrigerant supply, low separator liquid level or excessive inlet-fluid temperature.<\/li><li>Electromechanical motor fault: More likely to produce a steady, low-frequency abnormal sound together with mechanical vibration, unusually high current draw or repeated thermal trips.<\/li><\/ul><h2>Ammonia Refrigeration Pump Safety<\/h2><p>R717 ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration because of its thermodynamic performance, but its toxicity and other hazards mean that ammonia pump operation and maintenance require formal safety procedures. A leak on the pump suction or discharge side can expose machinery-room personnel to hazardous refrigerant.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-4-1.webp\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-29454 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-4-1.webp\" alt=\"WITT GP open refrigerant pump with mechanical shaft seal and external electric motor\" width=\"820\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-4-1.webp 820w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-4-1-300x146.webp 300w, https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/Hermetic-4-1-768x375.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 820px) 100vw, 820px\" \/><\/a><\/p><p>Current industry guidance emphasizes engineered safety systems, operating procedures, competent personnel, emergency planning and appropriate personal protective equipment. IIAR guidance specifically includes refrigerant pumps within ammonia-system safety criteria, while the Institute of Refrigeration&#8217;s ammonia safety code addresses liquid ammonia pumps, material selection, system design, installation and maintenance.\u00a0<\/p><h3>Preventive Safety Procedures<\/h3><ul><li>Lockout\/Tagout (LOTO): Before servicing the pump, opening a strainer or performing repairs, isolate and lock out the electrical supply according to the facility&#8217;s procedure.<\/li><li>Pressure isolation and venting: Isolate pump inlet and outlet lines and manage residual ammonia pressure using the site&#8217;s approved recovery, neutralization or venting procedure.<\/li><li>Personal protective equipment: Personnel servicing ammonia equipment should use the PPE specified by the facility risk assessment and applicable safety standard, including suitable eye\/face, hand, body and respiratory protection where required.<\/li><li>Leak detection: Ammonia detection and alarm systems should be installed and maintained in accordance with the applicable design and safety requirements.<\/li><li>Material restrictions: The source advises against copper, brass, zinc and their alloys in ammonia-system connections and components. Final material selection must follow the equipment manufacturer and applicable code requirements.<\/li><\/ul><p>IIAR safety publications cover refrigerant pumps, machinery-room safety, inspection and operating practices. The Institute of Refrigeration also identifies EN 378 and its ammonia safety code as important references for ammonia refrigeration systems.\u00a0<\/p><h2>Leading Ammonia Pump Brands and Availability Considerations<\/h2><p>Brand selection can affect reliability, serviceability and safety. The original content identifies the following manufacturers and pump families:<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n wdtscroll\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-173\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"4\"\n           data-rows=\"5\"\n           data-wpID=\"173\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-bold wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:354px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Features Mentioned in Source\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-bold wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:241px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Series \/ Model\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-bold wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:192px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Country\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bold wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"D1\"\n                data-col-index=\"3\"\n                data-row-index=\"0\"\n                style=\" width:196px;                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Manufacturer\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Canned-motor design and leak-tight construction\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  CAM, CNF\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Germany\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"D2\"\n                data-col-index=\"3\"\n                data-row-index=\"1\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  HERMETIC Pumpen\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Long-standing refrigeration applications and high durability\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  CB Series, HT Series\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013 wpdt-align-center\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  United States\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"D3\"\n                data-col-index=\"3\"\n                data-row-index=\"2\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Cornell Pump\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  High-pressure capability and low-temperature performance\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  HRP\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Germany\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"D4\"\n                data-col-index=\"3\"\n                data-row-index=\"3\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  TH. Witt\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row \" >\n                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                data-col-index=\"0\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Double mechanical-seal design for specific applications\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                data-col-index=\"1\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  4924A\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                data-col-index=\"2\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  United States\n                  <\/td>\n                                            <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-ff-000000 wpdt-fs-000013\"\n                                    data-cell-id=\"D5\"\n                data-col-index=\"3\"\n                data-row-index=\"4\"\n                style=\"                padding:10px;\n                \"\n                >\n                                \n  Viking Pump\n                  <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-173'>\n.wpdt-c.wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable {\r\n    direction: rtl;\r\n}.wpdt-bc-E9E9E9 { background-color: #E9E9E9 !important;}\n.wpdt-fs-000013 { font-size: 13px !important;}\n.wpdt-ff-000000 { font-family: inherit !important;}\n<\/style>\n<h2>Why Choose Brudat Kar Atlas for Ammonia Pump Selection?<\/h2><p>Designing and building a large industrial ammonia refrigeration system is more than purchasing individual components. Selecting an ammonia pump without considering separator capacity, piping pressure drop, evaporator characteristics and electrical and protection requirements can create operational and safety challenges.<\/p><p>Brudat Kar Atlas positions ammonia refrigeration pump selection as part of the engineering of the complete refrigeration circuit. The source states that its technical team evaluates thermodynamic parameters and coordinates pump selection with the electrical panel, protection systems and applicable international standards.<\/p><p>For technical consultation, refrigeration-load calculation and pump selection, contact the technical team: +9821-88303600.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2963fdd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2963fdd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-238ae5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-accordion\" data-id=\"238ae5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3721\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3721\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Why does a large ammonia cold-storage system need a pump while many DX systems do not?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3721\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3721\"><div class=\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\"><div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-79elbk h-full\"><div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-1n7m0yu\"><div class=\"flex flex-col pb-9 text-sm\"><div class=\"w-full text-token-text-primary\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-135\"><div class=\"px-4 py-2 justify-center text-base md:gap-6 m-auto\"><div class=\"flex flex-1 text-base mx-auto gap-3 md:px-5 lg:px-1 xl:px-5 md:max-w-3xl lg:max-w-[40rem] xl:max-w-[48rem] group final-completion\"><div class=\"relative flex w-full flex-col lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)] agent-turn\"><div class=\"flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\"><div class=\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 overflow-x-auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"498fe006-9127-446a-bc69-602a7a1ac950\"><div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\"><p>A standard DX system feeds refrigerant directly to the evaporator through an expansion valve. Large industrial ammonia systems may use liquid overfeed or recirculation, in which an ammonia pump circulates liquid refrigerant through the evaporators at a flow rate above the evaporation rate. This supports refrigerant distribution and heat transfer.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3722\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3722\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">What is the main difference between a hermetic and a mechanical-seal ammonia pump?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3722\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3722\"><div class=\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\"><div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-79elbk h-full\"><div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-1n7m0yu\"><div class=\"flex flex-col pb-9 text-sm\"><div class=\"w-full text-token-text-primary\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-147\"><div class=\"px-4 py-2 justify-center text-base md:gap-6 m-auto\"><div class=\"flex flex-1 text-base mx-auto gap-3 md:px-5 lg:px-1 xl:px-5 md:max-w-3xl lg:max-w-[40rem] xl:max-w-[48rem] group final-completion\"><div class=\"relative flex w-full flex-col lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)] agent-turn\"><div class=\"flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\"><div class=\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 overflow-x-auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"4a8a6ab6-10f4-4896-91f9-14579b272390\"><div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\"><p>A hermetic or canned-motor pump has the motor and pump assembly enclosed in a sealed housing, eliminating the external rotating shaft and mechanical seal. A mechanical-seal pump uses a shaft that exits the housing and therefore relies on a seal to control refrigerant leakage. This makes seal condition an important maintenance and safety consideration.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3723\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3723\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">What causes cavitation in an ammonia refrigeration pump?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3723\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3723\"><div class=\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\"><div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-79elbk h-full\"><div class=\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-1n7m0yu\"><div class=\"flex flex-col pb-9 text-sm\"><div class=\"w-full text-token-text-primary\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-125\"><div class=\"px-4 py-2 justify-center text-base md:gap-6 m-auto\"><div class=\"flex flex-1 text-base mx-auto gap-3 md:px-5 lg:px-1 xl:px-5 md:max-w-3xl lg:max-w-[40rem] xl:max-w-[48rem] group final-completion\"><div class=\"relative flex w-full flex-col lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)] agent-turn\"><div class=\"flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\"><div class=\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\"><div class=\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 overflow-x-auto\" data-message-author-role=\"assistant\" data-message-id=\"d60c1863-dfc6-442d-9c54-e864763a828a\"><div class=\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\"><p>Cavitation can occur when pressure at the pump inlet falls below the refrigerant&#8217;s saturation pressure, allowing vapor bubbles to form and collapse around the impeller. Adequate NPSH is therefore essential. The source recommends placing the separator above the pump inlet, typically by about 1.5\u20133 m, while the final design must be calculated for the actual system.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-accordion-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3724\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3724\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon elementor-accordion-icon-right\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-closed\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-accordion-icon-opened\"><svg class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-accordion-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Which materials are suitable for an ammonia pump?<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3724\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3724\"><p>The source identifies stainless steel and ductile iron as suitable materials and warns against copper, brass, zinc and their alloys because of ammonia compatibility concerns. Actual material selection should be verified against the pump manufacturer&#8217;s documentation and the applicable code.<\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\\\/\\\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Why does a large ammonia cold-storage system need a pump while many DX systems do not?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<div class=\\\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\\\"><div class=\\\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-79elbk h-full\\\"><div class=\\\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-1n7m0yu\\\"><div class=\\\"flex flex-col pb-9 text-sm\\\"><div class=\\\"w-full text-token-text-primary\\\" data-testid=\\\"conversation-turn-135\\\"><div class=\\\"px-4 py-2 justify-center text-base md:gap-6 m-auto\\\"><div class=\\\"flex flex-1 text-base mx-auto gap-3 md:px-5 lg:px-1 xl:px-5 md:max-w-3xl lg:max-w-[40rem] xl:max-w-[48rem] group final-completion\\\"><div class=\\\"relative flex w-full flex-col lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)] agent-turn\\\"><div class=\\\"flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\\\"><div class=\\\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\\\"><div class=\\\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 overflow-x-auto\\\" data-message-author-role=\\\"assistant\\\" data-message-id=\\\"498fe006-9127-446a-bc69-602a7a1ac950\\\"><div class=\\\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\\\"><p>A standard DX system feeds refrigerant directly to the evaporator through an expansion valve. Large industrial ammonia systems may use liquid overfeed or recirculation, in which an ammonia pump circulates liquid refrigerant through the evaporators at a flow rate above the evaporation rate. This supports refrigerant distribution and heat transfer.<\\\/p><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div>\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What is the main difference between a hermetic and a mechanical-seal ammonia pump?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<div class=\\\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\\\"><div class=\\\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-79elbk h-full\\\"><div class=\\\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-1n7m0yu\\\"><div class=\\\"flex flex-col pb-9 text-sm\\\"><div class=\\\"w-full text-token-text-primary\\\" data-testid=\\\"conversation-turn-147\\\"><div class=\\\"px-4 py-2 justify-center text-base md:gap-6 m-auto\\\"><div class=\\\"flex flex-1 text-base mx-auto gap-3 md:px-5 lg:px-1 xl:px-5 md:max-w-3xl lg:max-w-[40rem] xl:max-w-[48rem] group final-completion\\\"><div class=\\\"relative flex w-full flex-col lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)] agent-turn\\\"><div class=\\\"flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\\\"><div class=\\\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\\\"><div class=\\\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 overflow-x-auto\\\" data-message-author-role=\\\"assistant\\\" data-message-id=\\\"4a8a6ab6-10f4-4896-91f9-14579b272390\\\"><div class=\\\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\\\"><p>A hermetic or canned-motor pump has the motor and pump assembly enclosed in a sealed housing, eliminating the external rotating shaft and mechanical seal. A mechanical-seal pump uses a shaft that exits the housing and therefore relies on a seal to control refrigerant leakage. This makes seal condition an important maintenance and safety consideration.<\\\/p><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div>\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"What causes cavitation in an ammonia refrigeration pump?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<div class=\\\"flex-1 overflow-hidden\\\"><div class=\\\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-79elbk h-full\\\"><div class=\\\"react-scroll-to-bottom--css-koggo-1n7m0yu\\\"><div class=\\\"flex flex-col pb-9 text-sm\\\"><div class=\\\"w-full text-token-text-primary\\\" data-testid=\\\"conversation-turn-125\\\"><div class=\\\"px-4 py-2 justify-center text-base md:gap-6 m-auto\\\"><div class=\\\"flex flex-1 text-base mx-auto gap-3 md:px-5 lg:px-1 xl:px-5 md:max-w-3xl lg:max-w-[40rem] xl:max-w-[48rem] group final-completion\\\"><div class=\\\"relative flex w-full flex-col lg:w-[calc(100%-115px)] agent-turn\\\"><div class=\\\"flex-col gap-1 md:gap-3\\\"><div class=\\\"flex flex-grow flex-col max-w-full\\\"><div class=\\\"min-h-[20px] text-message flex flex-col items-start gap-3 whitespace-pre-wrap break-words [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-5 overflow-x-auto\\\" data-message-author-role=\\\"assistant\\\" data-message-id=\\\"d60c1863-dfc6-442d-9c54-e864763a828a\\\"><div class=\\\"markdown prose w-full break-words dark:prose-invert light\\\"><p>Cavitation can occur when pressure at the pump inlet falls below the refrigerant&#8217;s saturation pressure, allowing vapor bubbles to form and collapse around the impeller. Adequate NPSH is therefore essential. The source recommends placing the separator above the pump inlet, typically by about 1.5\\u20133 m, while the final design must be calculated for the actual system.<\\\/p><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div><\\\/div>\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Which materials are suitable for an ammonia pump?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<p>The source identifies stainless steel and ductile iron as suitable materials and warns against copper, brass, zinc and their alloys because of ammonia compatibility concerns. Actual material selection should be verified against the pump manufacturer&#8217;s documentation and the applicable code.<\\\/p>\"}}]}<\/script>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a196f23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a196f23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-06240d5\" data-id=\"06240d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-437c8e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"437c8e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related posts<\/p>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c5c918 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0c5c918\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ammonia Refrigeration Pump<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-785d904 blog elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-carousel\" data-id=\"785d904\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;template_id&quot;:&quot;23448&quot;,&quot;image_spacing_custom&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:8,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;4&quot;,&quot;_skin&quot;:&quot;post&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;edit_handle_selector&quot;:&quot;.elementor-loop-container&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:5000,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;image_spacing_custom_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"loop-carousel.post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div 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--e-global-typography-accent-font-size );}}<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"23448\" class=\"elementor elementor-23448 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23210 post-23210 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-cold-house-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d9f3b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d9f3b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46ebf57\" data-id=\"46ebf57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e98e9 elementor-widget__width-inherit home-articles elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a4e98e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/cold-room\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/\u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647-qfafskbeh9uuu58vheeee1df8wro3v6s3bm7i26xu8.jpg\" title=\"Cold Room\" alt=\"Cold Room\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3a040 loop-articles-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd3a040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/cold-room\/\">Cold Room<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f05407  wordbreak elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"1f05407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Understanding Cold Rooms A cold room, also known as cold storage, represents a specially insulated enclosure designed to regulate temperature,\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c560323 yellow-icon elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c560323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/cold-room\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"23448\" class=\"elementor elementor-23448 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-27506 post-27506 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-consumables\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d9f3b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d9f3b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46ebf57\" data-id=\"46ebf57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e98e9 elementor-widget__width-inherit home-articles elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a4e98e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/refrigerant-gas\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/gas-rc4sy3kz03dhinuzt6rn2z9vjwo476qtdjigvq6ymo.webp\" title=\"gas\" alt=\"gas\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3a040 loop-articles-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd3a040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/refrigerant-gas\/\">Refrigerant Gas<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f05407  wordbreak elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"1f05407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>What is Refrigerant Gas? Refrigerant gas, also known as cold storage gas, is a natural or synthetic chemical compound that\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c560323 yellow-icon elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c560323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/refrigerant-gas\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"23448\" class=\"elementor elementor-23448 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23342 post-23342 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-consumables\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d9f3b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d9f3b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46ebf57\" data-id=\"46ebf57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e98e9 elementor-widget__width-inherit home-articles elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a4e98e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/refrigeration-oils\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0646-\u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0631-\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u062a\u06cc-1-qfafskbeh9uuu58vheeee1df8wro3v6s3bm7i26xu8.jpg\" title=\"\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u062a\u06cc\" alt=\"\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0646 \u06a9\u0645\u067e\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062f\u062a\u06cc\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3a040 loop-articles-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd3a040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/refrigeration-oils\/\">Refrigeration Oils<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f05407  wordbreak elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"1f05407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Refrigeration Compressor Oil Refrigeration compressor oil is a specialized lubricant essential for the proper functioning of refrigeration compressors, preventing overheating\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c560323 yellow-icon elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c560323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/refrigeration-oils\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"23448\" class=\"elementor elementor-23448 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-24773 post-24773 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-coldhouse-service-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d9f3b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d9f3b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46ebf57\" data-id=\"46ebf57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e98e9 elementor-widget__width-inherit home-articles elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a4e98e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/installation-and-commissioning-of-cold-rooms\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/\u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647-\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a-\u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647-2-qixcmiakkm9n0ft1w7idrxr430n5a0cerz6rlwqjtc.webp\" title=\"\u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647-\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a-\u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\" alt=\"\u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647-\u0633\u0627\u062e\u062a-\u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3a040 loop-articles-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd3a040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/installation-and-commissioning-of-cold-rooms\/\">Installation and Commissioning Of Cold Rooms<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f05407  wordbreak elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"1f05407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p> Installation and Commissioning of Cold Rooms The meticulous installation and commissioning of a cold rooms facility in a principled\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c560323 yellow-icon elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c560323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/installation-and-commissioning-of-cold-rooms\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"23448\" class=\"elementor elementor-23448 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23267 post-23267 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-coldhouse-usage-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d9f3b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d9f3b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46ebf57\" data-id=\"46ebf57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e98e9 elementor-widget__width-inherit home-articles elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a4e98e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/industrial-cold-room\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/\u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a\u06cc-1-1-qfafsjdkaftkija8mvzrtjlyniwaw631r6yq0s8c0g.jpg\" title=\"Industrial Cold Storage\" alt=\"Industrial Cold Storage\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3a040 loop-articles-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd3a040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/industrial-cold-room\/\">Industrial Cold Storage<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f05407  wordbreak elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"1f05407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p> What is Industrial Cold store? An industrial cold store is a large-scale facility designed and constructed to preserve and\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c560323 yellow-icon elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c560323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/industrial-cold-room\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"23448\" class=\"elementor elementor-23448 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-23258 post-23258 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-coldhouse-refrigerant-en\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9d9f3b1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9d9f3b1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-46ebf57\" data-id=\"46ebf57\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4e98e9 elementor-widget__width-inherit home-articles elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-featured-image elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a4e98e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-featured-image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/ammonia-cold-room\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-content\/uploads\/elementor\/thumbs\/\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647-\u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647-\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06a9\u06cc-qfafsjdkaftkija8mvzrtjlyniwaw631r6yq0s8c0g.jpg\" title=\"\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\" alt=\"\u0645\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0622\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u06a9\u06cc\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd3a040 loop-articles-heading elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-title elementor-page-title elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd3a040\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-title.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/ammonia-cold-room\/\">Ammonia Cold Room<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f05407  wordbreak elementor-widget elementor-widget-theme-post-excerpt\" data-id=\"1f05407\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"theme-post-excerpt.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>Introduction to Ammonia Refrigeration Systems &#8211; Properties, Applications, and Equipment Overview Ammonia, with the chemical formula NH3 and the refrigerant\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c560323 yellow-icon elementor-align-right elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c560323\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/en\/ammonia-cold-room\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-right\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M224.3 273l-136 136c-9.4 9.4-24.6 9.4-33.9 0l-22.6-22.6c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9l96.4-96.4-96.4-96.4c-9.4-9.4-9.4-24.6 0-33.9L54.3 103c9.4-9.4 24.6-9.4 33.9 0l136 136c9.5 9.4 9.5 24.6.1 34z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Read more<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ammonia Refrigeration Pump: Complete Guide to Operation, Selection and Troubleshooting In small industrial and commercial cold-storage systems, particularly systems using fluorinated refrigerants, an expansion valve generally controls and feeds refrigerant directly into the evaporator. Large ammonia refrigeration systems, however, often use a liquid overfeed or recirculation arrangement because a direct-expansion configuration may not meet the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":10,"featured_media":29460,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1204],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-29450","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-refrigeration-technical-knowledge"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29450","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/10"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=29450"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29450\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29556,"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/29450\/revisions\/29556"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/29460"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=29450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=29450"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/broudat-kar.com\/lang\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=29450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}